Curriculum development plays a crucial role in shaping educational experiences. Two prominent models that have significantly influenced curriculum design are the Tyler Model and the Wheeler Model. Understanding these models helps educators create effective and structured learning environments. Both models offer unique approaches and principles, catering to different educational needs and contexts.
The Tyler Model focuses on clearly defined objectives and a linear process, emphasizing measurable outcomes and systematic evaluation. In contrast, the Wheeler Model adopts a more cyclical and flexible approach, integrating continuous evaluation and adjustments. This article explores the differences between these two models, highlighting their strengths and limitations.
A deep dive into these curriculum models reveals their impact on educational planning and implementation. The Tyler Model’s straightforward framework is ideal for structured and outcome-based education, while the Wheeler Model’s adaptability suits dynamic and evolving educational settings. Understanding these differences is essential for educators and administrators aiming to enhance their curriculum strategies.
Tyler Model
Origin and Development
The Tyler Model was developed by Ralph Tyler in the 1940s. Tyler, an American educator, introduced this model in his book “Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction.” He designed it to provide a systematic approach to curriculum development. Tyler’s work was groundbreaking, offering a structured framework for educators to follow. The model became widely adopted in various educational settings due to its simplicity and clarity.
Key Concepts and Principles
The Tyler Model revolves around four main principles:
- Defining objectives: Clearly stating what the students should achieve.
- Selecting learning experiences: Choosing activities that help achieve these objectives.
- Organizing learning experiences: Arranging the activities in a logical sequence.
- Evaluating outcomes: Assessing if the objectives have been met.
Four Basic Questions of the Tyler Model
Tyler proposed four essential questions to guide curriculum development:
- What educational purposes should the school seek to attain?
- What educational experiences can be provided to attain these purposes?
- How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?
- How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained?
Steps Involved in the Tyler Model
Defining Objectives
- Identify the goals and objectives of the curriculum.
- Focus on what students should know, do, and value.
Selecting Learning Experiences
- Choose activities that align with the objectives.
- Ensure that experiences are engaging and meaningful.
Organizing Learning Experiences
- Arrange activities in a logical sequence.
- Consider the developmental stages of the learners.
- Use a scaffolded approach to build on previous knowledge.
Evaluating Outcomes
- Assess if the objectives have been met.
- Use both formative and summative evaluations.
- Adjust the curriculum based on the evaluation results.
Wheeler Model
Origin and Development
The Wheeler Model was developed by David Wheeler in the 1960s. Wheeler’s approach was a response to the need for a more flexible and dynamic curriculum model. His model emphasized the continuous process of curriculum development, integrating evaluation at every stage.
Key Concepts and Principles
The Wheeler Model is based on five key phases:
- Aims and objectives: Setting broad educational goals.
- Content selection: Choosing relevant content.
- Learning experiences: Designing meaningful activities.
- Organization of learning experiences: Structuring the activities.
- Evaluation: Continuously assessing and improving the curriculum.
Five Phases of the Wheeler Model
Aims and Objectives
- Set broad and flexible educational goals.
- Focus on both cognitive and affective domains.
Content Selection
- Choose content that is relevant and up-to-date.
- Ensure the content supports the aims and objectives.
Learning Experiences
- Design activities that are engaging and interactive.
- Use a variety of teaching methods to cater to different learning styles.
Organization of Learning Experiences
- Structure activities to build on prior knowledge.
- Use a spiral curriculum approach to revisit key concepts.
Evaluation
- Integrate evaluation at every stage.
- Use both qualitative and quantitative methods.
- Continuously improve the curriculum based on feedback.
Comparative Analysis
Structure and Framework
Linear vs. Cyclical Nature
- Tyler Model: Linear and straightforward, moving from objectives to evaluation.
- Wheeler Model: Cyclical and dynamic, with continuous feedback and improvement.
Flexibility and Adaptability
- Tyler Model: More rigid and structured, focusing on specific objectives.
- Wheeler Model: More flexible, allowing for changes and adaptations based on evaluation.
Focus on Objectives
Tyler’s Focus on Behavioral Objectives
- Emphasizes clear and measurable objectives.
- Focuses on observable behaviors and outcomes.
Wheeler’s Broader Perspective on Aims
- Includes broader educational goals.
- Considers both cognitive and affective domains.
Implementation Process
Detailed Steps in Tyler Model
- Clearly defined steps from setting objectives to evaluation.
- Focuses on a systematic approach to curriculum development.
Phased Approach in Wheeler Model
- Uses phases that are interconnected and cyclical.
- Emphasizes continuous improvement and adaptability.
Evaluation Methods
Tyler’s Emphasis on Objective Evaluation
- Uses standardized tests and assessments.
- Focuses on measuring specific outcomes.
Wheeler’s Continuous Evaluation Process
- Integrates evaluation throughout the process.
- Uses a variety of methods, including formative assessments and feedback loops.
Advantages of Tyler Model
Clarity and Simplicity
One of the main advantages of the Tyler Model is its clarity and simplicity. The model offers a straightforward framework for curriculum development. By focusing on clear objectives, it helps educators understand the goals of their curriculum. This simplicity makes it easier for teachers to follow and implement the model, especially those who are new to curriculum planning.
Focus on Measurable Outcomes
The Tyler Model emphasizes measurable outcomes. This focus ensures that educational objectives are specific and can be assessed effectively. By setting clear criteria for success, teachers can evaluate student progress more accurately. This emphasis on measurement helps in maintaining high standards of education and ensures that learning objectives are met.
Step-by-Step Guidance
The Tyler Model provides step-by-step guidance for curriculum development. Each phase, from defining objectives to evaluating outcomes, is clearly outlined. This guidance helps educators organize their efforts and ensures that all important aspects of the curriculum are covered. The model’s structured approach is beneficial for creating consistent and coherent educational programs.
Advantages of Wheeler Model
Comprehensive and Holistic Approach
The Wheeler Model is known for its comprehensive and holistic approach. It takes into account a wide range of educational factors, including cognitive and affective domains. This broad perspective ensures that the curriculum addresses all aspects of student development, not just academic skills. The holistic nature of the Wheeler Model makes it suitable for well-rounded education.
Flexibility in Curriculum Development
The Wheeler Model offers flexibility in curriculum development. Unlike the rigid structure of the Tyler Model, the Wheeler Model allows for continuous adjustments and improvements. This flexibility is crucial in adapting to the changing needs of students and educational environments. The model’s adaptable nature makes it ideal for dynamic and progressive education systems.
Continuous Improvement Cycle
A key feature of the Wheeler Model is its emphasis on the continuous improvement cycle. The model integrates evaluation at every stage, ensuring that the curriculum remains relevant and effective. This ongoing process of assessment and adjustment helps in identifying areas for improvement and implementing changes promptly. The continuous improvement cycle ensures that the curriculum evolves to meet the ever-changing educational demands.
Limitations of Tyler Model
Rigidity and Inflexibility
One of the major limitations of the Tyler Model is its rigidity and inflexibility. The model’s linear structure can be restrictive, making it difficult to adapt to changing educational needs. This rigidity can limit the scope of the curriculum and hinder the incorporation of innovative teaching methods.
Overemphasis on Behavioral Objectives
The Tyler Model places a strong emphasis on behavioral objectives. While this focus on measurable outcomes is beneficial, it can lead to an overemphasis on observable behaviors. This can result in the neglect of broader educational goals, such as critical thinking, creativity, and social development. The narrow focus on behavioral objectives may not fully address the holistic needs of students.
Potential Neglect of Broader Educational Goals
Due to its focus on specific, measurable objectives, the Tyler Model may overlook broader educational goals. These goals, which include fostering critical thinking and promoting personal growth, are equally important for comprehensive education. The model’s emphasis on concrete outcomes can sometimes overshadow these important aspects of student development.
Limitations of Wheeler Model
Complexity in Implementation
The Wheeler Model’s comprehensive approach can make it complex to implement. The model requires careful planning and continuous evaluation, which can be challenging for educators. The complexity of the Wheeler Model can be overwhelming, especially for those new to curriculum development. Implementing this model effectively requires significant time and effort.
Challenges in Continuous Evaluation
The Wheeler Model emphasizes continuous evaluation, which, while beneficial, can also be challenging. Continuous assessment requires ongoing resources and commitment. This can be difficult to sustain, especially in educational settings with limited resources. The challenges in maintaining continuous evaluation can impact the overall effectiveness of the curriculum.
Potential for Ambiguity in Aims and Objectives
The broad and flexible nature of the Wheeler Model can sometimes lead to ambiguity in aims and objectives. Without clearly defined goals, it can be difficult to measure progress and success. This ambiguity can create confusion and make it harder for educators to ensure that all educational objectives are being met.
Practical Applications
Use of Tyler Model in Traditional Education Systems
The Tyler Model is widely used in traditional education systems. Its structured approach and emphasis on measurable outcomes make it suitable for schools and institutions that prioritize standardized testing and accountability. The model’s clarity and simplicity are beneficial in creating consistent and reliable educational programs.
Application of Wheeler Model in Modern and Progressive Education Systems
The Wheeler Model is well-suited for modern and progressive education systems. Its flexible and holistic approach makes it ideal for educational environments that focus on personalized learning and continuous improvement. The model’s adaptability allows for the incorporation of innovative teaching methods and the integration of emerging educational trends.
Case Studies
Example of Tyler Model in a School Curriculum
In a traditional school setting, the Tyler Model can be used to develop a standardized curriculum. For instance, a high school may use the Tyler Model to create a mathematics curriculum that focuses on specific learning objectives. Teachers would define clear goals, select appropriate learning experiences, organize these experiences in a logical sequence, and evaluate student outcomes through standardized tests. This approach ensures that all students meet the same educational standards.
Example of Wheeler Model in a University Curriculum
A university adopting the Wheeler Model might develop a liberal arts curriculum that emphasizes a holistic approach to education. The curriculum would be designed to foster critical thinking, creativity, and personal growth. Continuous evaluation would be integrated into the program, allowing for regular feedback and adjustments. This approach ensures that the curriculum remains relevant and effective, addressing the diverse needs of university students.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the main focus of the Tyler Model?
The Tyler Model emphasizes defining clear, specific objectives and creating a linear process to achieve these goals. It focuses on measurable outcomes and systematic evaluation, ensuring that educational activities align with the desired objectives. This model is ideal for structured and outcome-based education systems.
How does the Wheeler Model differ from the Tyler Model?
The Wheeler Model differs from the Tyler Model by adopting a cyclical and flexible approach. It integrates continuous evaluation and adjustments, allowing for dynamic and evolving educational settings. The Wheeler Model emphasizes a broader perspective on aims and a phased approach, making it suitable for modern and progressive education systems.
What are the advantages of the Tyler Model?
The Tyler Model offers clarity and simplicity in curriculum development. Its focus on measurable outcomes provides a clear framework for educators, making it easier to implement and evaluate. This model’s step-by-step guidance ensures that educational activities are systematically aligned with the desired objectives.
What are the advantages of the Wheeler Model?
The Wheeler Model’s comprehensive and holistic approach allows for flexibility in curriculum development. Its continuous improvement cycle ensures that the curriculum remains relevant and effective over time. This model’s adaptability makes it suitable for diverse educational contexts and evolving educational needs.
Conclusion
In comparing the Tyler and Wheeler models, it is clear that both offer valuable frameworks for curriculum development. The Tyler Model’s structured and objective-focused approach contrasts with the Wheeler Model’s flexible and cyclical nature. Each model has its strengths, catering to different educational contexts and goals.
Choosing the right curriculum model depends on the specific needs and objectives of the educational institution. While the Tyler Model is ideal for environments requiring clear, measurable outcomes, the Wheeler Model is better suited for dynamic settings needing continuous evaluation and adaptability. Understanding these differences helps educators and administrators enhance their curriculum strategies, ultimately benefiting students and their learning experiences.